Yes, in certain circumstances Qatar can prosecute you for crimes committed abroad. Under Article 16, Qatar's Penal Code applies to anyone who commits an act outside Qatar that makes them a perpetrator or accomplice in a criminal offence that partially or fully occurs within Qatar's jurisdiction. Additionally, Article 17 specifically targets serious offences like drug trafficking or human trafficking — if you reside in Qatar after committing such crimes abroad, you can be prosecuted here.
For Qatari citizens specifically, Article 18 states that any citizen who commits a felony or misdemeanor abroad may be prosecuted upon returning to Qatar, even if the act was committed entirely overseas. Expats (non-citizens) have somewhat narrower exposure under this extraterritorial reach, but serious transnational crimes remain a significant risk.
Importantly, Article 19 provides a 'non bis in idem' (double jeopardy) protection — if you have already been acquitted, finally convicted, or fully served your sentence for the same offence in a foreign court, Qatar generally cannot prosecute you again for that same act. If you have concerns about prior legal matters, seek qualified legal advice before relocating to or remaining in Qatar.
This is general legal information, not legal advice. For advice on your specific situation, consult a lawyer licensed in Qatar.